Bibliography on Spectroscopy

University of Missouri at Columbia
Chemistry 416 - Organic Spectroscopy - FS97

LITERATURE ON
ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY

General Spectroscopy Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. Silverstein, R. M.; Webster, F. X.; 6. ed.; Wiley & Sons 1997. ISBN 0-471-13457-0. BOOK The latest edition of a classic text. UV/Vis is no longer in this book (!) as it is no longer used for identification (which is true). The NMR sections are quite good and the discussion of the 2D-NMR is better than anywhere else. Introduction to Organic Spectroscopy. J. B. Lambert, H. F. Shurwell, D. Lightner, R. Graham Cooks; MacMillan Publishing Company; New York, New York, 1987. ISBN 0-02-36730-1 BOOK This is probably the best book on the topic. Contains the best UV/Vis section and does an excellent job on chiropical methods including exciton Organic Structural Spectroscopy. J. B. Lambert, H. F. Shurwell, D. A. Lightner, R. Graham Cooks; Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07485 1998. ISBN 0-13-258690-8 NEW! BOOK The successor to the preceeding book. Stronger and more complete in all aspects. More extensive 1d- and 2d-NMR methods. Modern MS section. Many worked problems and an entire section of integrated problems. Spectrochemical Analysis James D. Ingle, Jr.; Stanley R. Crouch Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1988. ISBN 0-13-826876-2 BOOK Organic Structures from Spectra. L. D. Field, S. Sternhall, J. R. Kalman, 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York, New York, 1995. ISBN 0-471-95630-9 (cloth) or ISBN 0-471-95631-7 (paper). WORKBOOK A must have!! The very best way to learn the interpretation of spectra! Close to 200 problems. Organic Spectroscopy. W. Kemp, 3rd ed.; W. H. Freeman Company, New York, New York, 1991. ISBN 0-7167-2226-7 (cloth) or ISBN 0-7167-2227-5 (paper). BOOK An introduction to organic spectroscopy covering IR, NMR, UV/Vis and MS. Chapter 6 contains problems (only 30 pages). I have not read this book in any detail as yet but hope to do so in the near future. I think the supplement 3 to NMR looks interesting. The basic UV/Vis section also has appealing detail. Introduction to Spectroscopy - A Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry. D. L. Pavia, G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz; 2nd ed.; Saunders Golden Sunburst Series, harcourt Brace College Publishing, New York, New York, 1996. ISBN 0-03-058427-2. BOOK An intermediate level text describing IR, NMR, UV and MS. Chapter 8 has "Combined Structure Problems" and some worked examples are given. Chapter 9 describes a few advanced NMR techniques (ATP, homo- and hetero-COSY). You might want to take a look but we are covering all aspects in more detail with other books in Chemistry 416. The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds. R. L. Shriner, C. K. F. Hermann, T. C. Morrill, D. Y. Curtin, R. C. Fuson, 7th ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-59748-1 BOOK This book is a useful companion for every experimental organic chemist. In chapter 6, the authors briefly describe the basics of MS, IR and NMR and how these methods are employed in the identification of unknowns. A few combination exercises are given. The strength of this book lies less with spectrocopy and more with the identification by chemical methods and via the measurement of physical properties. Modern Spectroscopy. J. M. Hollas, 2nd. ed.; John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, 1992. . BOOK This is a more physically oriented text. Rotational, vibrational, and electronic spectroscopy. The electronic spectroscopy is detailed and contains two entire chapters on photoelectron spectroscopy and laser spectroscopy (the next two things I will integrate into Chem 416 ... in the new millenium ... may be). Molecular Spectroscopy. Jeanne L. McHale, First edition; Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1999. BOOK A physiacl chemistry text. Very clear. Very focused. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry. C. E. Dykstra; Prentice Hall, Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1994. ISBN 0-13-701293-4 (paper). BOOK An successful introduction to the quantum-mechanical theory of vibrational-rotational spectroscopy, electronic structure theory, and NMR theory. Why Do Spectral Lines Have a Linewidth? V. B. E. Thompson J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 616-619. ARTICLE Excellent short paper on the topic. Tables of Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds. Pretch, E.; Clerc, T.; Simon, W.; Seibl, J. Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed., 1989. TABLES A must have. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Basic One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy. H. Friebolin (@ Heidelberg, Germany), 2nd ed.; VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1993. ISBN 1-56081-796-6. BOOK This book is the book on NMR used in the course. (And, yes, I know the binding of this book is just horrible (!) and that might be a reason for not using it again.) Modern NMR Techniques for Chemistry Research. A. E. Derome (used to be @ Oxford, UK, died young); Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol. 6, J. E. Baldwin, P. D. Magnus, Eds.; Pergamon Press, Tarrytown, New York, 1987 (reprinted in 1993). ISBN 0-08-032513-0 (flexicover). BOOK An excellent book that provides great detail and many well selected examples. Covers all the 1D and 2D experiments discussed in this course. Modern NMR Spectroscopy - A Guide for Chemists. J. K. M. Sanders (@Cambridge, UK), B. K. Hunter (@Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario); 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1993. ISBN 0-19-855567-9 (paperback). BOOK I like this book for several reasons. To begin with: It has a chapter on solids (chapter 9) and that is rare for textbooks. The chapters are very well organized and the illustrations are quite good. This is a good and more complete alternative to Friebolin and it might well be my future choice for teaching Chemistry 416. A Complete Guide to Modern NMR Spectroscopy. Roger Macomber (@ University of Cinncinati) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 1998. ISBN 0-471-15736-8 (alk. paper). BOOK Strong on the modern aspects of NMR: 2D-NMR techniques, biological applications and solids. NMR Spectroscopy - Basic principles, concepts, and applications in chemistry. H. Guenther (@ University of Siegen), 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons, 1995. ISBN 0-471-95201-X (paperback). BOOK This is a very thick book, almost 600 pages, and it has wonderful detail. The German first edition was the book to study when I was a graduate student in Germany. Since then the chapters on dynamic NMR, NOE, and 2D-methods have been greatly enhanced. There is a lot of detail in here and it takes time to read all this. Might be best to use this book sporadically to deepen your knowledge of certain aspects. Structure Elucidation by Modern NMR - A Workbook. H. Duddeck, W. Dietrich (both authors are at the University of Bochum, Germany); Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt, Springer Verlag, New York, New York, 1992. With Prefaces by J. B. Stothers and K. Nakanishi. ISBN 0-387-91425-0. (flexicover). BOOK Possibly the best book to learn 2D-NMR techniques by working examples. This book will be a required text the next time this course is taught. The book poses 33 exercises, then presents a chapter to discuss strategy for each of the exercises, and then the solutions are presented. Very very useful. One-dimensional and Two-dimensional NMR Spectra by Modern Pulse Techniques. K. Nakanishi (both (!) @ Columbia, New York, and Osaka, Japan), Ed.; University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1990 ISBN 0-935702-63-6. (flexicover). BOOK Part I contains 31 examples of 1-D NMR applications and Part II contains 61 examples of 2-D NMR applications. Part III is a very successful brief review of 1-D and 2-D NMR methods. The examples are based on rather complicated molecules; this is the beauty of the book and it also is its drawback. A wonderful resource for somebody whi really is into NMR. The book to read after having worked through Duddeck & Diederich. A Handbook of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Ray Freeman (@ Oxford, UK), Longman Scientific & Technical, John Wiley & Sons, 1987 ISBN 0-582-00390-3 (CSD) & ISBN 0-582-00574-4 (PPR). BOOK If you know a lot already and you really want to know all the detail, this book gives highly physical but pictorial and non-mathematical explanations! Certainly too much for Chemistry 416. Theory of Magnetic Resonance. C. P. Poole, Jr.; H. A. Farach (@ Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, and yes, they are in physics); 2nd. ed.; A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, 1987 ISBN 0-471-81530-6. BOOK I have not read this book as yet. High Resolution NMR - Theory and Chemical Applications. E. D. Becker, (@ NIH, Bethesda, Chemical Physics); 2nd. ed.; Academic Press, New York, New York, 1980 ISBN 0-12-084660-8. BOOK I have not read this book in much detail. What I have read I liked. Tables of Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds. Pretch, E.; Clerc, T.; Simon, W.; Seibl, J. Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed., 1989. TABLES A must have. FT-NMR SPECTROSCOPY A Primer of Fourier Transform NMR. Macomber, R. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 213-214. ARTICLE A simple description of the pulsed Fourier transform NMR experiment (without references). Useful illustration of the effect of dwell time on the quality of the digitally recorded FID. The Fourier Transform in Chemistry - NMR - A Glossary of Terms. King, R. W.; Williams, K. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A100-A105. ARTICLE A useful collection of terms on FT methods (NMR or IR). This glossary is designed to accompany the authors series of 4 JCE articles on the Fourier Transform in Chemistry. The Fourier Transform in Chemistry. King, R. W.; Williams, K. R. Part 1: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Introduction. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, A213-A219. Part 2: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: The Single Pulse Experiment. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, A243-A248. Part 3: Multiple Pulse Experiments. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A93-A99. Part 4: Two-Dimensional Methods. J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, A125-A137. ARTICLE This is a very useful series of articles. Don't be bothered by the fact that the sequence differs a bit from the sequence chosen in the lecture. After 9/5 we will have covered all of Part 1 (except the correlation times) and most of Part 2 (except for the NOE). Reading these articles to review the material covered in lecture and in the textbooks will be very benficial to you and is highly recommended. On the Way of Introducing Some Basic NMR Aspects. From the Classical and the naive Quantum Models to the Density-Operator Approach. Panigua, J. C.; Moyano, A. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 310-318. ARTICLE This article is appealing as it compares the "Naive Quantum Model" (what all the books teach) to the "Classical Model" and the "Density Operator Approach". The first half is useful and the second half is probably more than we need. LOCAL SHIELDING NMR Shielding and the Periodic Table. Gerothanassis, I. P.; Kalodimos, C. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 801-804. ARTICLE A useful discussion of trends of diamagnetic and paramagnetic shielding across the periodic table. This article offers a lot in terms of quantifying ranges and magnitudes. A must study! Coupled-cluster calculations of nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts. Gauss, J.; Stanton, J. F. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 103(9), 3561-3577. ARTICLE Do not worry about the theory in this paper. Go right for the good stuff, the numbers in the tables toward the end. Benzenediazonium Ion. Generality, Consistency, and Preferability of the Electron Density Based Dative Bonding Model. Glaser, R.; Horan, C. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7518-7528. ARTICLE Contains a useful discussion that stresses that chemical shifts in ¹³C- and ^14,15N-NMR have nothing to do with atomic charge. Electron excitation effects on NMR shieldings in small organic molecules. Augspurger, J. D.; Dykstra, C. E. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1995, 238, 199-202. ARTICLE This article gives you some information about the kinds of organic molecules that will give large electron excitation effects. An Improved Experiment to Illustrate the Effect of Electronegativity on Chemical Shift. Boggess, R. K. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 819-820. ARTICLE Electronegativity effects on H-NMR as discussed in lecture. NON-LOCAL SHIELDING Aromatic Ring Currents Illustrated - NMR Spectra of Tin(IV) Porphyrin Complexes. Arnold, D. P. J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 1111-1112. ARTICLE A very nice example to illustrate the additional shielding on top of an aromatic ring system. Diodelike Current-Voltage Curves for a Single Molecule-Tunneling Spectroscopy with Submolecular Resolution of an Alkylated, peri-Condensed Hexabenzocoronene. Stable, A.; Herwig, P.; Muellen, K.; Rabe, J. P. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 15, 1609-1611. ARTICLE Muellen prepares alkylated peri-condensed hexabenzocoronenes which are soluable so that NMR data can be recorded. Corannulene. A Convenient New Synthesis. Scott, L. T.; Hashemi, M. M.; Meyer, D. T.; Warren, H. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7082-7084. ARTICLE Describes Scott's synthesis of corannulene and the C-NMR. Corannulene Tetraanion: A Novel Species with Concentric Aromatic Rings. Ayalon, A.; Rabinowitz, M.; Cheng, P.-C.; Scott, L. T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1636-1637. ARTICLE Describes synthesis and properties of the corannulene tetraanion as discussed in lecture. Corannulene Reduction: Spectroscopic Detection of All Anionic Oxidation States. Baumgarten, M.; Gherghel, L.; Wagner, M.; Weitz, A.; Rabinowitz, M.; Cheng, P.-C.; Scott, L. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 117, 6254-6257. ARTICLE Describes the H-deshielding and inner C-shielding in corannulene dianion as discussed in lecture. Zur Konjugation in Makrocyclischen Bindungssystemen XX. Characterordnung, magnetische Susceptibilitaeten und chemische Verschiebungen von Corannulenen. Ege, G.; Vogler, H. Theoret. Chim. Acta 1972, 26, 55-56. ARTICLE The PAH numbers discussed in lecture come from here. Note that these people made a prediction about corannulene many years before its synthesis. How are they doing? Synthesis and Characterization of a C₃₆H₁₂ Fullerene Subunit. Scott, L. T.; Bratcher, M. S.; Hagen, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8743-8744. ARTICLE A nice example to illustrate ring current in extended bowl-shaped systems. Discussed in lecture. NMR INCREMENT SYSTEMS Empirical NMR Chemical Shift Correlations for Methyl and Methylene Protons. Friedrich, E. C.; Gates-Runkle, K. J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 830-832. ARTICLE Shoolery-type H-NMR chemical shift substituent constants are discussed. Empirical NMR Chemical Shift Correlations for Methine Protons. Friedrich, E. C.; Gates-Runkle, K. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 127-129. ARTICLE H-NMR chemical shift substituent constants are discussed for trisubstituted methanes. A General Approach for Calculating Proton Chemical Shifts for Methyl, methylene, and Methine Protons When There Are One or More Substituents within Three Carbons. P. S. Beauchamp, R. Marquez J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1483-1485. ARTICLE The paper extends the work of Shoolery to include the effects of multiple substituents on methyl and methylene and methine H chemical shifts. A Short Set of ¹³C-NMR Correlation Tables. Brown, D. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 209-225. ARTICLE Correlations for alkanes, alkenes, alkines, and pretty much everything else ... Proton-Carbon Chemical Shift Correlations. Macomber, R. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 284-285. ARTICLE Ever wondered why most signals in H/C COSY lie more or less along the diagonal? NMR COUPLING Test for Chemical Shift and Magnetic Equivalence in NMR A. Ault J. Chem. Educ. 1974, 11, 729-731. ARTICLE There are problems with this article. I think this article confuses more than it helps. Read it and see what I mean. Chemical Shift Equivalence and Magnetic Equivalence in Conformationally Mobile Molecules R. M. Silverstein, R. T. LaLonde J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 343-344. ARTICLE This article is excellent. Everything that is being said is correct and the paper is structured very well. A must-read for all of you. Useful Examples for Discussion of Proton-NMR Spectroscopy: N-Substituted alphja-Aminobenzenebutanenitriles - Anisotropy of Diastereotopic Methylene Protons. J. Almy, R. M. Alvarez, A. H. Fernandez, A. S. Vazquez J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1479-1482. ARTICLE The title compounds contains two methylene groups in the beta and gamma positions od a chiral (at alpha-C) aminonitrile. Which one of the methylene groups shows the larger chemical shift difference for the two diasterotopic H-atoms? Guess again! Take a good look at the solvent dependency of the gamma protons (Figure 1). Unless you know that the spectra of clean compounds can look this messy, you just might think that your compounds aren't really clean ... A Practical Guide to First-Order Multiplet Analysis in ¹H-NMR Spectroscopy. Thomas R. Hoye, Paul R. Hanson, and James R. Vyvyan J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 4096-4103. ARTICLE This paper presents a systematic approach for deducing the complete set of coupling constants from complex multiplets (so long as first order rules are valid). Using High-Field NMR to Determine Dehydrogenase Stereospecificity with Respect to NADH - An Undergraduate Biochemistry Lab. S, B. Mostad, A. Glasfeld J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 504-506. ARTICLE An excellent demonstration of the NMR spectrum of a methylene group with enantiotopic H-atoms in a chiral environment. Also demonstrates the Karplus correlation at work. Make sure to understand fully the spectra shown in Figure 3. A First-Order Coupled Nuclei NMR Spectrum: 2-Bromo-4-Fluoroanisole J. P. Canselier J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 291. ARTICLE This article demonstrates a very nice example of an AKMX spin system. The AKM part are three aromatic H-atoms and the X is a fluorine. Solving Molecular Structures Using NMR and Molecular Mechanics - An Undergraduate Research Project E. L. Anderson, D. Li, N. L. Owen J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 846-849. ARTICLE This article demonstrates a very nice example of an ABMX spin system. The ABM system are three H-atoms in benzene and the X is ³¹P. The paper contains both the experimental spectrum and a successful simulation of that spectrum. Make sure to understand Figure 2 in this paper. False AA'X Spin-Spin Coupling Systems in ¹³C-NMR: Examples Involving Phosphorus and a 20-Year-Old Mystery in Off-Resonance Decoupling. W. H. Hersh J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1485-1489. ARTICLE Read the first half of this article. Recognize the ABX systems in Figure 2 and take a look at the many divers types of multiplets (in Figure 3) you can get depending on the various couplings. The Nature of the Metal-Silicon Bond in [M(SiR₃H₃(PPh₃)₃] (M = Ru, Os) and the Crystal Structure of [Os{Si(N-pyrrolyl)₃H₃(PPh₃)]. K. Huebler, U. Huebler, W. R. Roper, P. Schwerdtfeger, L. J. Wright Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1608-1616. ARTICLE This paper demonstrates an interesting example of an AA'A"XX'X" spin system. The A atoms are hydride H atoms and the X atoms are phosphane P atoms. The kind of second-order spectrum one can only "understand" via a simulation. Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Nitrogen Spin-Spin Coupling in NMR Spectrsocopy. - Simple Examples Based on Isotope-Labeled Glycines. L. Grehn, U. Ragnarsson, C. J. Welch J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1477-1479. ARTICLE Several 100.4 MHz ¹³C- and a 40.4 MHz ¹⁵N-NMR spectra are given for isotopically labeled Boc-glycines and related materials. Take a look. The spectrum in Figure 3 is particularly interesting and there clearly is a mistake in that the isomers cannot be of the E/Z type. What are these isomers instead? (Supplemental material available) 1D-NMR Acetone and Ethyl Acetate in Commercial Nail Polish Removers: A Quantitative NMR Experiment Using an Internal Standard. D. W. Clarke J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1464-1465. ARTICLE A simple and attractive experiment is described to demonstrate quantitative analysis via NMR. Following Glycolysis Using ¹³C NMR - An Experiment Adaptable to Different Undergraduate Levels. T. L. Mega, C. B. Carlson, D. A. Cleary J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1474-1476. ARTICLE A simple and attractive experiment is described to demonstrate quantitative kinetic analysis via ¹³C-NMR. The 1-position of glucose is labelled and the decrease of the peak corresponding to the alpha-C is monitored. During glycolysis, new peaks appear for ethanol and glycerol. ¹H NMR Analysis of Mixtures Using Internal Standards J. Peterson J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 843-845. ARTICLE An illustration of the principles of quantitative NMR analysis. Figures A and B show that indeed the peak intensity is proportional to the solute concentration and how such calibration curves can then be used in quantitative analysis. Conformation Interchange in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy K. C. Brown; R. L. Tyson; and J. A. Weil J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1632-1635. ARTICLE This article describes the use of variable temperature NMR kinetics to a problem of conformation interchange. The Esterification of Trifluoroacetic Acid - A Variable Temperature NMR Kinetics Study T. N. Gallaher, D. A. Gaul, and S. Schreiner J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 465-467. ARTICLE A short article that demonstrates how variable temperature NMR kinetics can be used to determine the rates of reaction of slow organic reactions. Structure Determination Using ¹⁹F NMR - A Simple Fluorination Experiment of Cinnamyl Alcohol D. J. deMendonca, C. A. Digits, E. W. Navin, T. C. Sanders, G. B. Hammond J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 736-739. ARTICLE Take a look at the H NMR spectrum of the mixture of 3-fluoro-1-phenyl-propene and 3-fluoro-3-phenyl-propene. The spectrum is exceedingly complicated due to the coupling between H and F. On the other hand, the F NMR is easy to interpret (make sure you understand what you see in Figures 3 - 5). Realize why that is so: The coupling J(H,F) constants are very small when compared to the energy range of the F chemical shift scale. "It is always better to look at the nucleus that has a wider chemical shift range." The Chiral S-N Axis in Sulfenamides: Enantiomeric Resolution, Direct Demonstration of Optical Activity, and Kinetics of Interconversion. Merav Ben-David Blanca, Eric Maimon, and Daniel Lost Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2216-2219. ARTICLE An excellent article for the demonstration of the use of an selective inversion revovery H-NMR to determine the activation barrier for an internal rotation. Make sure you understand the NMR spectrum of 6. The fact that there are enantiomers due to the hindered rotation about the N-S bond makes the two methyl groups of the iso-propyl group diasterotopic. These methyl groups show up as a doublet of doublets (large J due to CH, small J due to chiral environment). The relaxation after the selective inversion of one of these doublets depend on the magnetization transfer and the rate constant for enantiomerization. Noncovalent Assembly of Functional Groups on Calix[4]arene Molecular Boxes. P. Timmerman, R. H. Vreekamp, R. Hulst, W. Verboom, D. N. Reinhoudt, K. Rissanen, K. A. Udachin, and J. Ripmeester Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1283-1832. ARTICLE Calix[4]arenes are synthesized with two melamine attached to the upper rim. Melamine is a 6-membered 1,3,5-trinitrogen heterocycle with amino groups in the 2,4,6 positions. These amino groups allow for H-bonding with two 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid (DEB) molecules. It is found that box like aggregates are formed of the type X₃(DEB)₆. The trimerization of the X₁(DEB)₂ is facilitated by H-bonding as well. Why are we interested in this? Because this paper presents a nice illustration of the fact that NMR line shapes reflect the stability of H-bonds. Read the article and make sure to understand Figures 2 (the sharp peaks >12 ppm for the 1:2 complex) and 6 (the solvent dependency of the box like assembly). 2D-NMR Rotational Barriers in Push-Pull Ethylenes: An Advanced Physical-Organic Project Including 2D- EXSY and Computational Chemistry. T. J. Dwyer; J. E. Norman; P. G. Jasien J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1435-1640. ARTICLE How low can the C=C double bond rotational barrier be? The Diels-Alder Reaction of 2,4-Hexadiene-1-ol with Maleic Anhydride - A Novel Preparation for the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory Course. K. F. McDaniel, R. M. Weekly J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1465-1467. ARTICLE This is a very nice example to assign structure via the analysis of coupling constants and via the use of a simple homonuclear 2D-COSY. Determination of the Solution Conformation of 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (AZTMP) - An Advanced Chemistry and Biochemistry Project using NMR and Molecular-Modeling Studies M. Lee, J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 184-187. ARTICLE A nice paper that demonstrates the application of 2D-(H,H)-COSY (Figure 2) and of 2D-J-modulated NMR methods (J-values in Table 1). Use is also made of the NOE effect and a difference NOE spectrum is shown in Figure 3. (Note that no NOESY is reported although the authors are using that term. NOESY is a 2D-technique that gives all the NOEs at once. Symmetry Loss in Piperidine and Morpholine by Nitrogen Coordination A. Flores-Parra, G. Cadenas-Pliego, R. Contreras, N. Zuniga-Villareal,, M. de los Angeles Pas-Sandoval J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 556-559. ARTICLE Coordination between a N-base (morpholine, piperidine) with a Lewis acid (BH₃, (pentadienyl)Mn(CO)₃) are studied by NMR. Make sure you understand the spectra of the pure bases (fast ring flipping) and the borane coordinated systems (no ring flipping) and how the 2D-(¹³C,¹H)-COSY (heteronuclear correlated spectroscopy also is called HETCOR) is used to make assignments of H- and C-atoms. Solution Studies of tert,-Butyllithium/Lithium tert-Butoxide Mixed Aggregates. Observation of a Nonrandom Fluxional Exchange Process in Hexameric Organolithium Compounds G. T. DeLong, D. K. Pannell, M. T. Clarke, R. D. Thomas J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7013-7014. ARTICLE This article features a 44-MHz ⁶Li,¹H 2D heteronuclear NOE spectrum (HOESY) of 0.7:1 tert-BuOH/tert-Bu⁶Li in cyclohexane (3 M in Li) at -20C. The spectrum was used to identify the tert.-butyl and tert.-butoxy groups that are within the same aggregate. Interestingly, it was found that "two of the ⁶Li hexamer resonances showed correlations to two different butoxide resonances". Take a look at Figure 1 and make sure you understand exactly how this conclusion was reached. Cation Dynamics and Diffusion in Lithium Orthosilicate: Two-Dimensional Lithium-6 NMR Z. Xu and J. F. Stebbins Science 1995, 270, 1332-1334. ARTICLE This article demonstrates the use of simple 1D ⁶Li NMR. In this case, note that the NMR experiment is carried out on a solid sample and the MAS (magic angle spinning) technique is used. This article also is very interesting in that in describes the principle of 2D pure absorption exchange spectroscopy. In the absence of exchange, one gets the regular peaks along the diagonal of a 2D-plot. In the presence of exchange, one finds cross-peaks that indicate the sites that exchange. Doing this with T-dependence lets you determine the thermodynamics of the exchange process. Ain't it cool. NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECT Structure Determination of a Tetrasaccharide: Transient Nuclear Overhauser Effects in the Rotating Frame. Aksel A. Bothner-By, Richard L. Stephens, and Ju-mee Lee J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 811-813. ARTICLE This article described the CAMELSPIN (cross-relaxation appropriate for minimolecule emulated by locked spins) technique which has come to be known as the ROESY technique. ROESY stands for rotating frame NOESY. The advantages of ROESY are that (a) the NOE is positive and never vanishes (no matter how large the molecule) and (b) the multispin effects are minor. FAST NOESY Experiments - An Approach for Fast Structure Determination Matthias Koeck and Christian Griesinger Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 332-334. ARTICLE NOESY and ROESY allow for the simultanesous measurement of all interproton distances in a molecule. Here a procedure is described that allows a reduction of the acquisition time of NOESY and ROESY spectra by a fcator of 5 to 10 without any loss in accuracy. The incomplete cross-relaxation between scans is taken account of via the Liouville-von-Neumann equation. Selective Enhancement of NMR Signals for alpha-Cyclodextrin wit Laser-Polarized Xenon. Y.-Q. Song, B. M. Goodson, R. E. taylor, D. D. Laws, G. Navon, A. Pines Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 33, 2368-2370. ARTICLE The authors describe a new NMR experiment, the spin polarization induced nuclear Overhauser effect or SPINOE for short. Xe is spin polarized by laser polarization and the polarization is transferred to H spins. The Xe polarization can be positiove and negative and SPINOE difference spectra are recorded. The polarization transfer is most efficient for H-atoms that are close to the Xe (obviously) and, therefore, the method provides a probe for the sites most likely in conctact with the Xe. In this case, the Xe is inside the cavity and the largest SPINOE is seen for the H atoms pointing inside. (This article made the cover of Angew.Chemie.) STRATEGY LUCY - A Program for Structure Elucidation from NMR Correlation Experiments Christoph Steinbeck Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1984-1986. ARTICLE A programmed approach to the complete structure elucidation based on broadband-decoupled 13C-NMR, DEPT(90) and DEPT(135) experiments, the 2D heteronuclear C,H correlated spectra (C,H COSY), and the 2D homonuclear H,H correlated spectra (H,H COSY). (LUCY is now owned and distributed by Bruker). Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy SOON TO COME BOOK Photoelectron Spectroscopy Chemical Applications of Zero Kinetic Energy (ZEKE) Photoelectron Spectroscopy. K. Mueller-Dethlefs, E. W. Schlag Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 1346-1374. REVIEW Zero Kinetic Energy Spectroscopy. A. Held, E. W. Schlag Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 467-473. REVIEW Electron Spectroscopy Introduction to Organic Spectroscopy Lambert, J. B.; Shurvell, H. F.; Lightner, D. A.; Cooks, R. G. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1987. BOOK A solid basic text and a primary source for the lecture. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds Silverstein, R. M.; Bassler, G. C.; Morrill, T. C.; 5. ed.; Wiley & Sons 1991. BOOK A solid basic text. Read it to review the material. UV/Vis Spectroscopy and Its Applications Perkampus, H.-H., Springer Verlag, 1992. BOOK Way way way too expensive!! I used the best examples in the lecture and in specific problem sets. Circular Dichroism - Principles and Applications Nakanishi, K.; Berova, N.; Woody, R. W.; Editors; VCH, New York, NY, 1994. BOOK Best book on the market for ORD and CD. An Experiment in Electronic Spectroscopy: Information Enhancement Using Second Derivative Analysis. B. R. Ramachandran and A. M. Halpern J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 234-237. ARTICLE OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION & CIRCULAR DICHROISM Circular Dichroism - Principles and Applications Nakanishi, K.; Berova, N.; Woody, R. W.; Editors; VCH, New York, NY, 1994. ARTICLE The best book on the market. Addresses all the modern applications of chiroptical methods. Includes a chapter on the octant rule as well. A rich source and a useful reference. Circular Dichroism and Linear Dichroism. (Series: Oxford Chemistry Masters. Series editors: R. G. Compton, S. G. Davis and J. Evans.) A. Rodgers, B. Norden. Oxford University Press, Oxford, hardcover, 29.95 pounds, 1997. ISBN 0-19-855897-X BOOK The book has been reviewed: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 369-370. Circular Polarization Spectroscopy of Chiral Molecules L. A. Nafie J. Mol. Struct. 1995, 347, 83-100. ARTICLE An excellent description of circular polarized light and the measurement of ORD and CD. A must read. Note that I used this article extensively in my lecture. The Chiroptical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds D. N. Kirk Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 777-818. ARTICLE Dedicates all of section 3 to a discussion of the octant rule. Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism in Steroids Made It Possible, C. Djerassi, Profiles, Pathways, and Dreams Series, J. I. Seeman, Editor, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. ARTICLE A historic account of early uses of ORD and CD in steroid chemistry. ORD through the Eyes of Mathematica Novak, I. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1084. ARTICLE A nice read if you are into ORD. If you are a casual user, you might skip this one. DNA-Binding Studies of Cu(bcp)₂⁺ and Cu(dmp)₂⁺: DNA Elongation without Intercalation of Cu(bcp)₂⁺. McMillin, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6699-6704. ARTICLE (Summary Sheet) Right-Handed Triplex Formed between Peptide Nucleic Acid PNA-T8 and Poly(dA) Shown by Linear and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Nielsen, P. E. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6477-6481. ARTICLE (Summary Sheet) Chiral Curiosities Voegtle et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10547-xxxx. ARTICLE This article was highlighted in C&EN's Science & Technology Concentrates as follows: Certain curious molecules can be chiral even though they are made up of constitutents that are achiral. A team of chemists in Japan and Germany has separated examples of several such compounds into enantiomers and finds the pure enatiomers have pronounced circular dichroism. For instance, Yoshio Okamoto and coworkers at Nagoya University in Nagoya, Japan, and Fritz Voegtle of Bonn, Germany, find that a "rotaxane" can be separated into enantiomers. The rotaxane, which consists of an unsymmetrical "dumbbell" threaded through a "wheel", exhibits "cycloenantiomerism". In one enantiomer, the sequence of functional groups arrayed around the wheel has a clockwise orientation circling the dumbbell and vice versa. The researchers similarly have separated enantiomers of a topologically chiral catenane (interlocking rings) and a pretzel shaped molecule in which an intramolecular bridge links the two rings of a catenane. The Chiral N-S Axis ion Sulfenamides. Mearv Ben-David Blanca, Eric Maimon, and Daniel Kost Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2216-2219. ARTICLE The first successful separation of enantiomers due to hindered rotation about a sulfenamine N-S bond is reported. The enantiomers were characterized via CD spectroscopy. (Contains interesting inversion recovery NMR as well.) UV/Vis APPLICATIONS Visible Spectra of Conjugated Dyes: Integrating Quantum Chemical Concepts with Experimental Data. George M. Shalhoub J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1317-1319. ARTICLE Application of the particle in a box theory to a series of dyes. Read this to learn about the integrated absorption coefficient (IAC). IAC is the peak area in a plot of the extinction coefficient as a function of the frequency. IAC values are a better measure of the transition moment than are the absorptivities. The Einstein coefficient, the transition moment, and the oscillator strength all follow directly from the IAC value. C60 and C70 in a Basket? - Investigations of Mono- and Multilayers from Azacrown Compounds and Fullerenes. Ringsdorf, H. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1599-1602. UV-Topic: Aggregation study using UV/Vis Chem Topic: Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films ARTICLE This paper demonstrates the use of UV/Vis-spectroscopy in studies of aggregation and in the formation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. (Summary Sheet) (a) Transferrin: The Role of Conformational Change in Iron Removal by Chelators. Raymond, K. N. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6758-6764. (b) Lactoferrin: The Role of Conformational Changes in Its Iron Binding and Release. Raymond, K. N. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6765-6768. ARTICLE These two papers demonstrate well the use of UV/Vis spectroscopy to study kinetics. Derivative spectroscopy also is employed. The chemical topic of these papers concerns the elucidation of metal binding in enzymes, a topic that has enjoyed increasing attention since the late 80's. (Summary Sheet) FLUORESCENCE APPLICATIONS Identification and Quantification of Riboflavin in Vitamine Tablets by Total Luminescnece Spectroscopy. Romald E. Utrecht J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 673. ARTICLE Riboflavin is vitamin B₂. Riboflavin is determined via fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence is strongest at 530 nm when excited at 470 nm. Make sure you undertand the excitation/emission plots in Figures 1 and 2. (Summary Sheet) Building Block Synthesis of Porphyrine Light-Harvesting Arrays. Johnson, T. E.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7519-7520. See also: Science 1993, 261, 1388-1389. ARTICLE Photosynthetic organisms employ light-harvesting complexes to capture dilute sunlight and funnel energy to the reaction centers. Understanding light harvesting phenomena at the molecular level is a major objective of photosynthesis research and might also provide the foundation for the design of synthetic molecular devices. (Summary Sheet) New Developments in the Photonic Applications of Conjugated Polymers. F. Hide, M. A. Diaz-Garcia, B. J. Schwartz, and A. J. Heeger Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 430-436. ARTICLE An excellent review of absorption and photoluminescence spectra of organic polymers. The paper describes how these materials can be used in organic lasers. Calix[4]arene Podands and Barrelands Incorporating 2,2'-Bipyridine Moieties and Their Lanthanide Complexes: Luminescence Properties. G. Ulrich, R. Ziessel, I. Manet, M. Guardigli, N. Sabbatini, F. Fraternali, G. Wipff Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 18151822. ARTICLE Demonstrates a light conversion process consisting of light absorption (A), ligand to metal energy transfer (ET), and metal luminescence (E). The ligands are bipyridines and the metal is a rare earth metal (Eu or Tb trication). Calixarenes are used to hold the ligands in place. Take a look at Figures 3 and 4. EXCITON CHIRALITY A Chiroptical Method for Determining the Absolute Configuration of Allylic Alcohols. Nobuyuki Harada, Jun Iwabuchi, Yoichi Yokota, and Hisashi Uda J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5590-5591. ARTICLE Exciton coupling is not limited to degenerate chromophores. These authors extend the method to a non-degenerate system of the two chromophores benzoate and alkene. The benzoate band at 230 nm (pi -> pi*) is the long-wavelength band and the 195 nm (pi -> pi*) band of the alkene is the short wavelength band. Positive chirality thus means that the first Cotton effect (the one at higher wavelength, which is the benzoate absorption) is positive. (Note that Figure 2 shows only the negative Cotton effect of the long-wavelength band.) Preparation of chiral allylic alcohols using Rhizopus nigricans. Use of the Harada-Nakanishi exciton chirality method for verifying configurational assignments of allylic alcohols. Satoru Ito, Masaji Kasai, Herman Ziffer, and J. V. Silverton J. Can. Chem. 1987, 65, 574-582. ARTICLE An application of Harada's method to the determination of the stereochemistry of allylic alcohols. The para-bromine works just like the benzoate itself. Structure and Absolute Stereochemistry of the Epoxyquinol LL-C10037alpha and Related Metabolites from Steptomyces LL-C10037. Ben Shen, Yvonne G. Whittle, Steven J. Gould and Douglas A. Keszler J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 4422-4426. ARTICLE These authors extend the method to a non-degenerate system of the two chromophores para-bromobenzoate and enone. The benzoate band at 250 - 260 nm (pi -> pi*) is the long-wavelength band and the 210 nm (pi -> pi*) band of the enone is the short wavelength band. Make sure you understand Figure 1 full well. Synthesis of the 6-Benzoyl Derivative of 1-Deoxy-1-oxo-7-desacetylkolin and an Unambiguous Assignment of the Absolute Stereochemistry of Forskolin. Leander J. Vlades III and Masato Koreeda J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 844-846. ARTICLE A very nice demonstration of the use of benzoyl derivatives to determine the absolute stereochemistry of diols. Make sure you understand Figure 1 full well. Absolute Sense of Twist of the C12-C13 Bond of the Retinal Chromophore in Bovine Rhodopsin on Excition-Coupled CD Spectra of 11,12-Dihydroretinal Analogues. Qiang Tan, Jihong Lou, Babak Borhan, Elena Karnaukhova, Nina Berova, and Koji Nakanishi Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2089-2093. ARTICLE This is an excellent paper for several reasons. To begin with, would any of you have expected that the 11-cis-retinal chromophore in native rhodopsin is not planar? Come on, be honest! Next, take a look at the UV/Vis and CD spectra in Figure 1. Try to understand the arguments presented to explain the origin of the alpha and beta bands. Finally, the main point of the paper lies with the conformational analysis via the excition chirality of the non-degenerate bichromophoric system generated by the saturation of the C11-C12 bond. Make sure to understand Figure 4 full well. Redox-Switched Exciton-Coupled Circular Dichroism: A Novel Strategy for Binary Molecular Switching. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 305-307. ARTICLE A redox cycle is employed to switch between two complexes that show different degrees of ECCD. SOLVATION EFFECTS IN OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry Christian Reichardt, VCH Verlag, 2nd ed., 1990. BOOK The best book on the market. Many references. Wonderful detail. I used this book for most examples discussed in the lecture. Solvatochromism. P. Suppan and N. Ghoneim, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1997. ISBN 0-85404-419-1. BOOK A new book on solvent effects of electron spectra. The Comparative Solvatochromism of Arylazo and Heteroarylazo Compounds Based on N,N-Diethyl-m-acetylaminoaniline and N,N-Diethyl-m-toluidine. M. G. Hutchings, P. Gregory, J. S. Campbell, A. Strong, J.-P. Zamy, A. Lepre, A. Mills Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1719-1727. ARTICLE A very detailed study using Reichardt's and Kamlet-Taft solvent polarity parameters. The key issue in this paper concerns the solvent dependence of the s-cis and s-trans equilibrium (p. 1724). This conformaton changes the molecule dipole moment and the solvatochromism parallels the magnitude of the dipole moment. Vibrational Spectroscopy Introduction to Modern Vibrational Spectroscopy. M. Diem John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, 1993. BOOK An excellent introduction to the theory and the application or IR and Raman spectroscopies that is up-to-date. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Colloid and Interface Science. D. R. Scheunig ACS Symposium Series No. 447, 1991. BOOK Comment to come ... The Infrared Predissociation Spectrum of H₃⁺. Alan Carrington and Iain R. McNab Acc. Chem. Res. 1989, 22, 218-222. REVIEW ARTICLE The account presents a very nice discussion of the H₃⁺ cation. The cation is made in an energetically excited state. The IR quanta are then used to add even more energy to the cation. All in all the cation ends up with more energy than is necessary for dissociation. Eventually it will dissociate and the rate of that fragmentation is used to determine the intensity of the IR absorption. Pretty cool stuff! A scan in the region between 872 and 1094 cm-1 contained 26,500 lines (!) and the spectrum taking took some 2,500 hours (!). How is that for complexity. Microwave and Infrared Spectra of Free Radicals and Molecular Ions. Eizi Hirota Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 141-171. REVIEW ARTICLE The review describes new methods for the determination of the IR spectra of ions. High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy of Weakly Bound Molecule Complexes. Nesbitt, D. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 843-870 REVIEW ARTICLE The review describes the equilibrium cell method and the supersonic molecular beam method for the experimental measurement of the IR spectra of very weakly bound molecules. Far-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of van der Waals Bonds: A Powerful Probe of Intermolecular Forces. Saykally, R. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1989, 22, 295-300. REVIEW The review describes the unable FIR laser spectrometry and its application to the experimental measurement of the IR spectra of very weaklky bound molecules such as the argon hydrate and argon hydrogenchloride (ArHCl and ArH₂O). Raman Spectrocopy: The Next Generation. Michael Pelletier and Kevin Davis American Laboratory 1996, February, 34C-34N. ARTICLE Comment to come ... Analytical Raman Spectrocopy - An Emerging Technology for Practical Applications. Richard L. McCreery American Laboratory 1996, February, 34X-34JJ. ARTICLE Comment to come ... Tables of Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds. Pretch, E.; Clerc, T.; Simon, W.; Seibl, J. Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed., 1989. TABLES A must have. Atlas of IR Spectra of Organophosphorus Compounds - Interpreted Spectrograms. Shagidullin, R. R.; Chernova, R. V.; Vinogradova, V. S.; Mukhametov, F. S.; Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991. TABLES For special reference only. ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY (ATR) Surface Chemistry from Spectral Analysis of Totally Internally Reflected Radiation. N. J. Harrick J. Phys. Chem. 1960, 64, 110-1114. ARTICLE Comment to come ... Would you Believe Internal Reflectance in the Near-IR? D. S. Goldman Today's Chemist at Work 1995, 33-37. ARTICLE Comment to come ... APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY Synthesis, Structure, and Coordination Chemistry of Diisocyanomethane. J. Buschmann, T. Bartolomaes, D. Lentz, P. Luger, I. Neubert, M. Roettger Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2372-2374. ARTICLE The IR spectrum of the title compound was recorded in the gas phase. A low-T Raman spectrum also was recorded. The NC stretches occur at 2173 and 2157 1/cm. Solvent Effects on the Infrared Spectra of Nitro-N-methylanilines: Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions and Molecular Configurations. G. Gonzalez, E. Clavijo J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II 1985, 1751-1754. ARTICLE Note that this paper was used in a previous test on solvent effects on IR spectra. Make sure to take a look at the old test and the paper. Kinetic Study of the Reaction between Ethanol and Chloroacetylchloride in Chloroform Using FT-IR Spectroscopy. Shulin Zhang, Theodore L. Brown, Yuhua Du, and John R. Shapley J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6705-6709. ARTICLE This paper nicely demonstrates the use of quantitative difference FTIR spectroscopy in the kinetic analysis of a relatively slow reaction. (Summary Sheet) Kinetic Study of the Reaction between Ethanol and Chloroacetylchloride in Chloroform Using FT-IR Spectroscopy. Garcia, M. V.; Tiemblo, P. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, 841-843. ARTICLE This paper nicely demonstrates the use of quantitative FTIRspectroscopy in the kinetic analysis of a relatively slow reaction. (Summary Sheet) The Mechanism of the C-H Bond Activation Reaction in Room-Temperature Alkane Solution. Steven E. Bromberg, Haw yang, Matthew C. Asplund, T. Lian, B. K. McNamara, K. T. Kotz, J. S. Yeston, M. Wilkens, H. Frei, Robert Bergman, C. B. Harris Science 1997, 278, 260-263. ARTICLE Comment to come ... Zeitaufgeloeste FTIR Differenzspektrocopy. K. Gerwert, G. Souvignier Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1993, 41, 950-956. REVIEW A brief review that demonstrates the time-resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy in the study of electron tranfer processes in proteins. This is in German. Sorry. Vibrational Circular Dichroism of Proteins in H₂O Solution. Baumruk, V.; Keiderling, T. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6939-6842. ARTICLE This paper presents an interesting demonstration of vibrational CD spectroscopy in the study of proteins.(Summary Sheet) APPLICATIONS OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Direct Observation of Cooling of Heme Upon Photodissociation of Carbonmonoxy Myoglobin. Yasuhisa Mizutani anf Teizo Kitagawa Science 1997, 278, 443-446 ARTICLE Picosecond anti-Stokes Resonance Raman spectroscopy is employed to study the photodissociation of Carbonmonoxy Myoglobin. Mass Spectroscopy Interpretation of Mass Spectra. McLafferty, F. W.; Turecek, F.; 4th ed.; University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1993. BOOK Probably the best book on the market right now. Mass Spectroscopy. Duckworth, H. E.; Barber, R. C.; Venkatasubramanian, V. S.; 2. ed.; Cambridge University Press, New York, 1990. BOOK Excellent detail especially in the description of devices. Probably too much for Chem416 but a superb reference. Mass Spectrometry in the Biological Sciences: A Tutorial. Gross, M. L.; Ed.; Nato Advanced Science Institutes Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 353, Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1992. BOOK Excellent introduction into the topic with many references. Biochemical and Biotechnological Applications of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy. A. P. Snyder, Ed.; ACS Symposium Series 619, Washington, D. C., 1995. REVIEW ARTICLE Everything about electrospray techniques written by the people who pioneered the technique and its application. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy. Part I. Instrumentation and Spectral Interpretation. S. A. Hofstadler, R. Bakhtiar, R. D. Smith J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A82-A88. REVIEW ARTICLE An excellent introduction to ESI-MS theory, principles and instrumentation. Tandem Mass Spectroscopy for Trace Analysis. J. Johnson, R. Yost Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 758A-768A. REVIEW ARTICLE Application of MS/MS to the determination of trace organic compounds in complex mixtures. Tables of Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds. Pretch, E.; Clerc, T.; Simon, W.; Seibl, J. Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed., 1989. TABLES A must have. MASS SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATIONS Mass Spectra of Multi-Halogen Compounds - A Student Practical Project. D. Holdsworth, G. S. Ching, M. J. b. H. A. Hamid J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 856-858. ARTICLE A very nice demonstration as to how one can use the M⁺ isotope pattern to determine the chlorine or bromine contents.